The relationship between views on children and education is the essence of Dewey's education thought. This paper analyzes Dewey's thinking on the relationship between children and education from the perspectives of psychology, pedagogy and sociology. The psychological dimension provides the ideological basis for understanding the relationship between children and education, the pedagogical dimension provides the implementation approach to solve problems, and the sociological dimension provides the framework for explaining problems. Dewey's basic viewpoint is that children's innate ability is the premise of education; the real existence of children is the foundation of education; children's present life is the center of education; and children's life and activities cannot be separated from a certain social environment. In a word, education should be based on children's physical and mental development, attention should be paid to children's real existence and present life, and appropriate education should be provided for children's development.