Governance power constitutes the relational nexus among stakeholders in vocational education and is fundamental to achieving good governance. Through the lens of functional decentralization theory, which examines power through its operational attributes, this study constructs a novel governance framework based on the tripartite logic of decision-making, execution, and supervision powers. The organizational architecture evolves through a sequential framework composed of “division of labor, functional specialization, accountability partitioning, and empowerment.” Division of labor establishes the structural precursor to functional specialization. Subsequent functional determination constitutes the pivotal organizational mechanism, while accountability partitioning operates as the core executional component. This progression culminates in the delineated distribution of authority as its definitive structural outcome. Implementation pathways include: establishing cross-sectoral platforms for division of labor; creating integrated trilateral functional determination systems; developing accountability-based supervision mechanisms; and enhancing procedural decentralization efficiency. These approaches collectively advance governance efficacy and facilitate the modernization of China’s vocational education governance systems and capacities.