As the starting point of basic education, preschool education plays a critical role in supporting the goal of establishing a global leader in education. Achieving efficient allocation of talents and funds is essential for promoting the high-quality development of preschool education and laying the groundwork for educational leadership on a global scale. Understanding demographic shifts in the young child population is crucial for the strategic planning of preschool resources. With the introduction of the Preschool Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, legal frameworks and action guidelines have been established to address the resource distribution disparities caused by population changes. This study reveals a significant decline in the overall number of preschool-age children, with urban areas experiencing a much higher concentration than rural areas due to significant changes in the birth rate of the population. There is also a structural imbalance in the teacher workforce, with highly qualified teachers concentrated in urban settings, while teacher surpluses are emerging in certain regions. The demand for funds initially decreases before rising again, exacerbating the urban-rural divide and increasing the overall financial pressure. To adapt to these demographic changes and ensure high-quality development, the study recommends the dynamic monitoring of school-age child population trends, flexible resource management, the enhancement of teacher training standards to cultivate a high-quality workforce, and the establishment of robust funding mechanisms that encourage multi-sector participation in cost-sharing.