The discourse system of the essence of pedagogy with Chinese characteristics consists of three interconnected levels: basic discourse, core discourse, and practical discourse. Basic discourse forms the foundational framework of educational theory, reflecting the inherent attributes of pedagogy, and encompasses its key categories, concepts, principles, and ideological underpinnings. Education, as the core subject within this system, is viewed through the lens of the peoplecentered approach, emphasizing the pivotal role of human beings in both the origin and purpose of education. Core discourse uniquely characterizes Chinese pedagogical theory, with “establishing morality and cultivating people” as its central tenet. This discourse draws from Marxist thought, Chinese traditional culture, and the educational practices of the Communist Party of China, positioning it as essential for making China a global education leader. Practical discourse applies both basic and core discourses to real-world educational settings, focusing on moral education, the socialist direction of schooling, and the holistic development of students through a balanced educational system that integrates moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, and labor education. It also promotes the deepening of ideological and political education in higher institutions and the refinement of systems supporting the moral and personal development of students. Together, these three layers of discourse—from abstract to concrete—form a comprehensive and dynamic system that defines the essence of pedagogy with Chinese characteristics.