The sustainable development of education is not only an idea to promote the healthy and steady development of education, but also a specific orientation of educational action. This paper systematically analyzes the changing process of the preschool education quality policy in China and the evolution logic of policy development from the perspective of sustainable development, which is essentially to place the concept of sustainable development in a specific historical period and examine the changes and development of preschool education quality policy from a sustainable “perspective.” The preschool education quality policy in China has mainly experienced four stages: the initial construction of a system of scale, the standardization of the management system, the adjustment of the supply structure system, and the comprehensive construction of the public service system. Under the basic analytical framework of historical institutionalism, the evolution logic behind the process gives expression to the continuance and changes of “policy philosophy,” “policy environment” and “policy action” under different policy backgrounds. Looking forward to the future, China’s preschool education quality policy from the perspective of sustainable development should strengthen the policy orientation and policy conception of preschool education in terms of development, coordination and sustainability on the basis of following the law of children’s physical and mental development.