Modernization is the evolution process of social development and cultural change, including the modernization of material and technology, of culture and institutions, and of people. The essence and core of modernization is the human modernization which is a process of continuous evolution and sublimation from “family members” to “social members,” from “relatives and friends” to “citizens,” from “people with experience” to “people with knowledge,” and then towards “people with wisdom.” At present, the political, economic and social environment at home and abroad is rather complicated with increasing uncertainties. A dialectical examination of the actual development level and problems of economic, technological, demographic and educational development will be conducive to the correct understanding of the arduous task of promoting the human modernization. It is imperative to achieve economic growth through scientific and technological innovation, transformation and upgrade. However, such problems, as lack of originality, technology dependence, and low level of technology transfer, seriously restrict China’s independent innovation capacity of science and technology. Hence, there is a gap in the technological progress between China and the developed countries. In addition, changes in population size and structure, including the decline in birth rate and negative population growth, the aging population and the decrease in the size of workforce, have brought profound impacts on China’s economic and social development. In this view, it is urgent to continuously improve the quality of the population, promote the human modernization, and replace the “demographic dividend” with “talent dividends” in consequence. The financial investment in education by China is close to that of the average level of the world. However, what we are supporting is the world’s largest education system, and in terms of the level of investment in education, the average education level of citizens, and the competitiveness of talents, we still lag behind compared with the level of developed countries and the requirements for building a modern and strong country. Education, science and technology, and a quality workforce are the basic and strategic foundation for building a modern socialist country in an allround way. To build a strong country in education and move towards educational reforms that promote the human modernization, it is necessary to keep to the free and comprehensive development of people as the core, and to deepen the reform and development of education; it is necessary to start with the coordinated promotion of the strategies of strengthening the country through education, science and technology, and a quality workforce, and systematically restructure the content and methods of all types of education at all levels; it is necessary to promote the reform and development of rural education in the process of rural revitalization, make up for the weakness of agriculture, rural areas, and farmers’ modernization, and strive to improve the level of modernization of the rural population; it is necessary to empower education with technology and create a new landscape of innovative education, in order to support the development of human modern wisdom; and it is necessary to establish and improve the support and guarantee system of the education system with the promotion of human modernization as the core.