Common prosperity is the inevitable need and fundamental principle of socialism. It is also the value orientation and practice requirement of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics in the new era. The foundation of common prosperity lies in development and education. As a type of education closely related to economic and social development, vocational education is the key factor to improving the overall competency of the people, enhancing the level of labor skills, and ensuring the sustainable development of enterprises. Since the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC), under its leadership, promoting common prosperity through vocational education has become the most popular political logic and value pursuit in various historical periods. In the new era, it has become the common cause for all to have a clear understanding of the status and role of vocational education, change its cognitive concept, and make it the power engine to boost common prosperity. Therefore, it is highly necessary to construct a three-level coordinated development framework with vocational education as the driving force, in which vocational education coordinate with social economic construction in the upper level, with people’s income level in the middle, and with personnel cultivation in colleges in the lower level. It can effectively boost China’s gradual progress towards common prosperity.