In the early days of People’s Republic of China (PRC), public health governance experienced a difficult transition from the extraordinary to the daily. The “bacteriological warfare” under the background of the war to resist US aggression and aid Korea was an extraordinary state of war, but it had led to the public health governance centered on the “bacteriological warfare” in the ethnic areas of southern Guizhou, which in turn changed from the extraordinary defense strategy against only the “bacteriological warfare” to the daily public health movement in the spacious hinterland. During the Cooperative Movement, focused on “eliminating the four pests,” public health governance was supportive of agricultural production. People’s participation was unprecedented, but there were also the inherent predicaments of mobilized governance. Of course, the “daily” factors of public health had also increased. In the end, this modern public health concept, an intervention from the outside world, was gradually internalized into a part of people’s daily life, and was further incorporated with the living habits of traditional society. Together, they made up the sources of rural social life experience.