Emphasizing the strengthening of theoretical armament constitutes a fine tradition of the Communist Party of China, and the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era represents the paramount political task for the entire Party and nation. Rectification campaigns, educational practice activities, and thematic learning serve as important forms of intra-party Marxism theoretical education. This study makes an in-depth examination of the historical process of Marxism theoretical education conducted by the Chinese Communist Party since its establishment from four dimensions: strategic positioning, guiding principles, activity formats, and organizational systems. By presenting the elements of continuity and change within this process, the research facilitates a profound understanding of the regularities governing the Party’s theoretical armament and mastery of strategic initiative. Furthermore, this investigation provides valuable experience for enhancing the combat effectiveness of the entire Party through learning and education, as well as for researching and resolving contemporary practical problems.