Chinese modernization, with its distinctive national characteristics, essential requirements, and fundamental principles, has innovatively advanced the theoretical and discourse framework of socialist modernization. Through its goal-oriented discourse of clear political propositions, theoretical discourse grounded in objective laws, and practice-driven discourse of self-reliance and confidence, it elucidates the construction logic and unique value of China’s modernization discourse system. This system is built upon the dialectical interplay of the “Two Major Situations” (domestic and international), the “Two Integrations” (Marxism with China’s realities and traditional culture), a “people-centered” philosophy, and the unity of universality and particularity. By transcending the ideological constraints of “Western-centrism” and the reductionist equation of “Westernization with modernization,” it highlights the distinctive advantages and promising prospects of socialist modernization, achieving an organic synthesis of academic and political discourse. Furthermore, the discourse system of Chinese modernization holds significant practical implications for reinforcing confidence in China’s development path, fostering historical initiative to enhance political consciousness, and elevating the country’s international discourse power and influence.