This paper examines the significant theoretical advancements in adapting Marxism to China’s unique context and contemporary challenges, as embodied in Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The study analyzes this ideological evolution through three key dimensions: institutional, governmental, and political party dynamics. It highlights how this theoretical framework elucidates the institutional strengths of Chinese socialism, the advantages of China’s modernization drive, and the political efficacy of the Marxist governing party. The research emphasizes the critical role of these new theoretical developments in the historical narratives of Chinese socialism, socialist modernization, and the Communist Party of China’s centennial journey. To further this ideological adaptation, the paper proposes a comprehensive approach encompassing political foundations, ideological guidance, institutional safeguards, and practical implementations. This multifaceted strategy aims to continually expand the horizons of Marxist theory in addressing China’s evolving national conditions and the demands of the modern era.