Archives are very important to the study of marginal groups in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). The related files of the Case of Xiong Ersheng (熊尔圣) in the reign of Qianlong make it possible to explore the transgender group, “the margin of the marginal” groups of the Qing Dynasty. Different from the general “men dressed as women,” the transgenders dressed as women on the basis of their own cognition without the greed for money and sex. Many details of Xiong Ersheng’s behavior prove that this is an extremely rare case of “transgender” as perceived by the government. What his life and livelihood look like has been preserved by the official archives. These documents unfold before our eyes the life course of a “transgender” who, despite his initial homeless and miserable plight and frequent migrations, finally succeeded in establishing and strengthening social relations and in keeping his secrets for a long time because he had no criminal intent. However, due to the deep-rooted perception of a “scoundrel,” Xiong Ersheng was severely punished without any dispute in his trial, even though it was based on an apparent “presumption of guilt.” The discussion of Xiong Ersheng’s life and livelihood shows another aspect of China’s gender problem in the 18th century from a different perspective.