The Dong family (董氏) in Gaocheng (藁城), Hebei Province was a famous political family of the Han people in the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (12711368 AD). It is worth noting that, in the study of the aristocratic families of the Han people, the Dong family is often included in the list of grand aristocratic families of the Yuan Dynasty, such as the “Three Aristocratic Families” or the “Six Aristocratic Families,” which leads to the misconception of the nature of the Dong family. In fact, according to historical facts, the Dong family was originally only a political group under the Shi family (史氏) in Zhending (真定), a big Han Army hereditary lord. During Kublai Khan’s reign (12601294 AD), Dong family became politically prominent, and went up along with the establishment of the Yuan Empire. Therefore, the Dong family was more of a “bureaucratic family” than an “aristocratic family.” The political success of the family influenced the writing of its early history, which led to the misunderstanding of the nature of the family in the academic circles of later generations. This case study sheds some light on the intervention of the rise and fall of family politics on the writing of the early history of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.